| Salinity and Drought Treatment Assays in Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
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Author:
Date:
2016-09-05
[Abstract] Salinity and drought are the two main factors that cause fiber yield and quality losses in kenaf. It is reported that salinity and drought can affect more than 10% of arable land and cause a global decline in the average yields of major crops by more than 50%. Therefore, understanding plant tolerance of drought and salinity is of fundamental importance and has become the focus of intensive research. This protocol describes a simple and reproducible protocol to imitate natural salinity and drought stress under soil conditions. Even though the water-culture method is most frequently used for ...
[摘要] 盐度和干旱是导致红麻产量和质量损失的两个主要因素。 据报道，盐度和干旱可影响10％以上的耕地，导致主要作物平均单产下降50％以上。 因此，了解植物对干旱和盐分的耐受性具有根本重要性，已成为深入研究的重点。 该协议描述了在土壤条件下模拟天然盐度和干旱胁迫的简单和可重复的方案。 即使水培法最常用于盐分和干旱处理，本研究中的土壤培养方法更适用于研究自然胁迫条件。
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| Determination of Keto-deoxy-d-manno-8-octanoic acid (KDO) from Lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli
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Author:
Date:
2015-12-20
[Abstract] 2-Keto-3-deoxy-octonate (KDO) is an essential constituent of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that forms the outermost leaflet of Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. LPS is mainly composed of lipid A, O-antigen and a core oligosaccharide. Two molecules of KDO are present per one molecule of LPS. A proper level of LPS is required to maintain the outer membrane integrity and either high or low levels of LPS are toxic to the cell. Various methods are available for quantification of LPS; of these, determination of KDO is a simple and accurate method and it can be estimated either directly from crude ...
[摘要] 2-酮-3-脱氧 - 辛酸（KDO）是形成革兰氏阴性细菌外膜的最外侧叶的脂多糖（LPS）的必需成分。 LPS主要由脂质A，O-抗原和核心寡糖组成。每一分子LPS存在两个KDO分子。需要适当水平的LPS以维持外膜完整性，并且高或低水平的LPS对细胞有毒性。各种方法可用于定量LPS;其中，KDO的测定是简单和准确的方法，并且可以通过简单的比色测定直接从粗制细菌细胞裂解物或从纯化的LPS估计。尽管该方法可以理论上用于任何革兰氏阴性菌，我们常规地使用它来测量来自大肠杆菌（大肠杆菌）K12菌株的细胞裂解物的KDO。 br /> 方法：协议取自Karkhanis等人（1978）。它是一种测量KDO的简单，灵敏和可靠的方法。该测定在细胞裂解物或LPS完全酸水解后释放LPS的各种组分进行。此外，与高碘酸盐，亚砷酸盐和硫代巴比妥酸的反应产生粉红色至红色的发色团，其在用DMSO稳定后在548nm测量。
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| Isolation of Chloroplast Inner and Outer Envelope Membranes
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Author:
Date:
2015-02-20
[Abstract] The chloroplast is an important organelle found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis. It is enclosed by a pair of closely spaced membranes, the double-membrane envelope, consisting of the inner membrane bounding the matrix or stroma and the outer membrane in contact with the cytoplasm. Like many bio-membranes, the chloroplast envelope plays an important role in mediating the complex interactions between the chloroplast and the cytoplasm. The envelope is also the site of various biosynthetic reactions, including the formation of the galactolipids, which are the major components of both ...
[摘要] 叶绿体是在进行光合作用的植物细胞中发现的重要细胞器。它被一对紧密间隔的膜包围，双膜包膜由包围基质或基质的内膜和与细胞质接触的外膜组成。像许多生物膜一样，叶绿体包膜在介导叶绿体和细胞质之间的复杂相互作用中起重要作用。包膜也是各种生物合成反应的位点，包括半乳糖脂的形成，半乳糖脂是包膜和类囊体膜的主要成分。内封套膜和外封套膜在结构和功能上都有差异。例如，外膜表现出比内膜剂量更低的膜内颗粒密度，表明外膜的蛋白质含量低。此外，外膜对于低分子量化合物是非特异性可渗透的，而内部膜对于这些化合物是不可渗透的，并且包含用于运输代谢物的几种易位体系统。
为了制备包膜，必须首先分离完整的叶绿体。然后通过以下方式分离内外膜：1）蛋白酶处理方法和2）基于外壳更轻且内膜更重的事实的离心方法。两种方法都需要首先分离完整的叶绿体。然而，离心分离可以得到纯的内外封套制剂，因此适合于随后的分析。此外，离心法可以避免在蛋白酶处理期间内皮多肽的破坏，因为一些蛋白酶可以进入内膜。此外，离心方法容易操作并且获得包含较少外部和内部信封膜的粘合区域的完全包封。在这里，我们描述了一种可靠的方法，用于从烟草中分离叶绿体的内和外包膜，这是相对不容易用于包膜分离的植物。
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