{{'Search' | translate}}
 

L-Glutamine

L-谷氨酰胺溶液

公司名称: Sigma-Aldrich
产品编号: G7513
Bio-protocol()
Company-protocol()
Other protocol()

Improving CRISPR Gene Editing Efficiency by Proximal dCas9 Targeting
Author:
Date:
2017-08-05
[Abstract]  Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems function as an adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea for defense against invading viruses and plasmids (Barrangou and Marraffini, 2014). The effector nucleases from some class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems have been repurposed for heterologous targeting in eukaryotic cells (Jinek et al., 2012; Cong et al., 2013; Mali et al., 2013; Zetsche et al., 2015). However, the genomic environments of eukaryotes are distinctively different from that of prokaryotes in ... [摘要]  集群定期间隔短回归重复(CRISPR)和CRISPR相关(Cas)系统作为细菌和古菌中的适应性免疫系统,用于防御入侵病毒和质粒(Barrangou和Marraffini,2014)。来自某些2类CRISPR-Cas系统的效应核酸酶已被重新用于真核细胞中的异源靶向(Jinek et al。,2012; Cong等人,2013; Mali ,2013; Zetsche等人,2015)。然而,真核生物的基因组环境与CRISPR-Cas系统发展的原核生物的基因组环境有明显的不同。发现哺乳动物异染色质是通过化脓性链球菌Cas9(SpCas9)靶向DNA接近的障碍,并且还发现染色质的基本单位的核小体阻碍了通过SpCas9的靶DNA进入和切割[ (Knight等人,,2015; Hinz等人,2015; Horlbeck等人,2016年) ; ...

In vitro Antigen-presentation Assay for Self- and Microbial-derived Antigens
Author:
Date:
2017-06-05
[Abstract]  Antigen presenting cells (APC) are able to process and present to T cells antigens from different origins. This mechanism is highly regulated, in particular by Patter Recognition Receptor (PRR) signals. Here, I detail a protocol designed to assess in vitro the capacity of APC to present antigens derived from bacteria, apoptotic and infected apoptotic cells. [摘要]  抗原呈递细胞(APC)能够处理和呈递来自不同来源的T细胞抗原。这种机制是高度调节的,特别是通过Patter Recognition Receptor(PRR)信号。在这里,我详细说明了一种设计用于评估体外的APC方案,用于展示来源于细菌,凋亡和感染的凋亡细胞的抗原。

背景 T细胞淋巴细胞在其表面上表达T细胞受体(TCR),其允许识别作为与主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子结合的抗原加工和呈递的抗原的细胞(自身)或微生物(非自身)抗原)呈递细胞(APC)。 APC能够处理抗原并将其呈递给T细胞,并且MHC-TCR相互作用是感染和自身免疫应答期间T细胞活化的关键步骤。
 以前的作品已经描述了基于刺激模式识别受体(PRR),例如toll样受体(TLR)(Blander和Medzhitov,2004和2006)的抗原呈递的调节机制。实际上,特异性地来自含有微生物病原体的吞噬体的TLR信号有利于在MHC-II分子内呈递非自身抗原。另一方面,凋亡细胞吞噬后产生的自身抗原由于不存在TLR刺激而导致溶酶体降解。然而,当两者都来自感染的凋亡细胞并且同时由相同的吞噬体携带时,自身和非自身抗原的分离不会发生,其由针对抗原呈递的TLR信号最佳地定制。已经使用骨髓来源的树突状细胞(BMDC)和凋亡性小鼠B细胞 - ...

Heterochronic Pellet Assay to Test Cell-cell Communication in the Mouse Retina
Author:
Date:
2017-02-05
[Abstract]  All seven retinal cell types that make up the mature retina are generated from a common, multipotent pool of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) (Wallace, 2011). One way that RPCs know when sufficient numbers of particular cell-types have been generated is through negative feedback signals, which are emitted by differentiated cells and must reach threshold levels to block additional differentiation of that cell type. A key assay to assess whether negative feedback signals are emitted by differentiated cells is a heterochronic pellet assay in which early stage RPCs are dissociated and labeled with ... [摘要]  构成成熟视网膜的所有七种视网膜细胞类型都是由普通的多能视网膜祖细胞池(RPC)产生的(Wallace,2011)。已经产生足够数量的特定细胞类型的RPC知道的一种方式是通过负反馈信号,其由分化细胞发射并且必须达到阈值水平以阻止该细胞类型的额外分化。评估负反馈信号是否由分化细胞发出的关键测定是异源沉淀测定,其中早期RPC被解离并用BrdU标记,然后与20倍过量的解离的分化细胞混合。然后将组合的细胞再次聚集并在细胞膜上培养7-10天。在这段时间内,RPC将会分化,BrdU + RPC的命运可以使用细胞类型特异性标记进行评估。开发这种沉淀测定的研究人员最初表明,当两种细胞类型混合在一起时,新生儿RPC与胚胎RPC相比,在加速进度条件下产生杆(Watanabe和Raff,1990; Watanabe等,1997)。我们已经使用这种测定来证明我们发现作为视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)分化的负调节物的声刺猬(Shh)促进RPC增殖(Jensen和Wallace,1997; Ringuette等,2014)。最近我们修改了异质性沉淀测定法,以评估视网膜无长突细胞的反馈信号的作用,将转化生长因子β2(Tgfβ2)鉴定为负反馈信号,并将Pten作为Tgfβ2应答的调节剂(Ma et al。,2007 ; ...

产品评论