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Choline chloride

氯化胆碱

公司名称: Sigma-Aldrich
产品编号: C7527
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Electro-fusion of Gametes and Subsequent Culture of Zygotes in Rice
Author:
Date:
2016-12-20
[Abstract]  Electro-fusion system with isolated gametes has been utilized to dissect fertilization-induced events in angiosperms, such as egg activation, zygote development and early embryogenesis, since the female gametophytes of plants are deeply embedded within ovaries. In this protocol, procedures for isolation of rice gametes, electro-fusion of gametes, and culture of the produced zygotes are described. [摘要]  已经利用具有孤立配子的电融合系统来解剖被子植物中受精诱导的事件,例如卵活化,合子发育和早期胚胎发生,因为植物的雌配子体深深嵌入卵巢内。在该方案中,描述了分离水稻配子,配子电融合和产生的受精卵培养的程序。

背景 被子植物的受精和后续事件,如胚胎发生和胚乳发育,发生在深入嵌入卵母细胞的胚囊中(Nawaschin,1898; Guignard,1899; Russell,1992; Raghavan,2003)。因此,分离的配子已被用于体外受精(IVF)系统,以观察和分析受精和后处理过程(Wang等人,2006年)。用于被子植物的IVF系统包括三种基本微技术的组合:(i)男性和女性配子的分离和选择; (ii)配对对和(iii)单细胞培养物的融合(Kranz,1999)。已经在广泛的植物物种中建立了分离活的配子的程序,包括单子叶植物和双子叶植物(综述于Kranz,1999和Okamoto,2011)。分离的配子可以电融合(Kranz等人,1991; Uchiumi等人,2006和2007)或化学地使用钙(Faure等人,1994; Kranz和Lörz,1994; Khalequzzaman和Haq,2005),聚乙二醇(Sun等,1995; ...

Preparation of Purified Gram-positive Bacterial Cell Wall and Detection in Placenta and Fetal Tissues
Author:
Date:
2016-12-05
[Abstract]  Cell wall is a complex biopolymer on the surface of all Gram-positive bacteria. During infection, cell wall is recognized by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 causing intense inflammation and tissue damage. In animal models, cell wall traffics from the blood stream to many organs in the body, including brain, heart, placenta and fetus. This protocol describes how to prepare purified cell wall from Streptococcus pneumoniae, detect its distribution in animal tissues, and study the tissue response using the placenta and fetal brain as examples. [摘要]  细胞壁是所有革兰氏阳性菌表面上的复杂生物聚合物。在感染期间,细胞壁被先天免疫受体Toll样受体2识别,引起强烈的炎症和组织损伤。在动物模型中,从血流到体内许多器官(包括脑,心脏,胎盘和胎儿)的细胞壁运输。该协议描述了如何从肺炎链球菌制备纯化的细胞壁,检测其在动物组织中的分布,并且使用胎盘和胎脑作为实例研究组织反应。
关键词: 细胞壁,肽聚糖,细菌炎症,神经增殖,胎儿神经发生,胎盘运输,Toll样受体2配体,肺炎链球菌

/strong>宿主对感染的反应涉及许多细菌组分的识别,包括细胞壁(CW),一种形成所有革兰氏阳性细菌表面的复合大分子。革兰氏阳性细菌的CW由肽聚糖和磷壁酸的共价网络形成。肺炎链球菌是肺炎,败血症和脑膜炎的主要原因,已经成为研究对包括CW在内的革兰氏阳性细菌感染的先天免疫反应的重要模式生物体。  当肺炎链球菌(肺炎球菌)感染时,CW成分在生长期或抗生素诱导的死亡期间从细菌释放,它在血流中循环并穿过细胞屏障,包括胎盘和血脑屏障。 CW组分具有等于或大于完整细菌的炎性活性(Tuomanen等人,1985a和1985b)。 ...

Preparation of Pneumococcal Proteins for Western Blot Analysis
Author:
Date:
2013-07-05
[Abstract]  This protocol was developed in a study aimed to determine the cellular localization of the lysin of pneumococcal phage SV1 (Frias et al., 2013). We obtained proteins from the surface of Streptococcus pneumoniae by elution with choline or those secreted to the medium. The analysis by Western blot of these fractions allowed us to demonstrate that the phage lysin localizes to the cell wall, associating with choline residues in the teichoic acids. Hence, protein extracts can be used to determine the localization of uncharacterized proteins and can also be useful for other ... [摘要]  该方案是在旨在确定肺炎球菌噬菌体SV1的溶素的细胞定位的研究中开发的(Frias等人,2013)。 我们通过用胆碱或分泌到培养基的那些洗脱从肺炎链球菌的表面获得蛋白质。 通过这些级分的Western印迹分析允许我们证明噬菌体溶素定位于细胞壁,与磷壁酸中的胆碱残基相关。 因此,蛋白质提取物可用于确定未表征蛋白质的定位,并且还可用于其他生物化学分析,例如蛋白质鉴定。 该方案可以容易地适应于不同的肺炎球菌菌株和生长条件,并且其非常适合于分离其他感兴趣的蛋白质。

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