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Threalose

D - (+) - 海藻糖二水合物

公司名称: Sigma-Aldrich
产品编号: T9531
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FM1-43 Photoconversion and Electron Microscopy Analysis at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction
Author:
Date:
2017-09-05
[Abstract]  We developed a protocol for photoconversion of endocytic marker FM1-43 followed by electron microscopy analysis of synaptic boutons at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. This protocol allows detection of stained synaptic vesicle even when release rates are very low, such as during the spontaneous release mode. The preparations are loaded with the FM1-43 dye, pre-fixed, treated and illuminated to photoconvert the dye, and then processed for conventional electron microscopy. This procedure enables clear identification of stained synaptic vesicles at electron micrographs. [摘要]  我们开发了内吞标记FM1-43的光转换方案,然后在果蝇神经肌肉接头处进行突触引物的电子显微镜分析。 即使在释放速率非常低时,例如在自发释放模式期间,该方案允许检测染色的突触小泡。 该制剂装载有FM1-43染料,经预先固定,处理和照射,以使染料转变为染料,然后进行常规电子显微镜处理。 该方法能够在电子显微照片下清楚鉴定染色的突触小泡。
【背景】神经元发射体通过突触小泡与神经元质膜的融合而释放。囊泡可以自发融合或响应动作电位。随后,囊泡通过内吞作用获得回收。通过分子生物学,电生理学和显微镜的工具广泛研究了突触小泡回收的分子机制(Slepnev和De Camilli,2000; Sudhof,2004; Rizzoli和Betz,2005; Kavalali,2006)。加载内参标记FM1-43与染料光转换耦合,然后进行电子显微镜分析是一种强大的技术,允许调查和测量回收囊泡池(Harata et al。,2001; Schikorski and Stevens,2001; Rizzoli和Betz, 2004)。果蝇神经肌肉接头(NMJ)是具有明确定义的突触引物的有利制剂,其能够快速产生具有突变突触蛋白的细胞系和严格评估囊泡回收池(Akbergenova和Bykhovskaia,2009; ...

Ciberial Muscle 9 (CM9) Electrophysiological Recordings in Adult Drosophila melanogaster
Author:
Date:
2017-07-20
[Abstract]  The complexity surrounding presynaptic recordings in mammals is a significant barrier to the study of presynaptic mechanisms during neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe an adult fly neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the ciberial muscle 9 (CM9) NMJ, which allows for the recording of both evoked (EPSPs) and spontaneous postsynaptic excitatory potentials (mEPSPs) at a mature glutamatergic synapse. Combined with CM9-specific genetic technologies, the CM9 NMJ provides a powerful experimental system to better understand the regulation of neurotransmitter ... [摘要]  围绕哺乳动物突触前记录的复杂性是哺乳动物中枢神经系统(CNS)神经传递过程中突触前机制研究的重要障碍。 在这里,我们描述成人飞行神经肌肉接头(NMJ),西伯利亚肌肉9(CM9)NMJ,其允许记录诱发(EPSP)和自发性突触后兴奋性潜力(mEPSPs)在成熟的谷氨酸能突触。 结合CM9特异性遗传技术,CM9 NMJ提供了一个强大的实验系统,以更好地了解成熟突触神经递质释放的调节。
【背景】在老化过程中定义突触前功能变化的重要障碍是由于缺乏一个简单的模型系统,用于执行必要的电生理记录,以彻底地表征神经递质从突触前神经末梢的释放。现有的啮齿动物模型遭受与衰老研究相关的显着成本问题和在具有一致释放参数的单个定义的神经末梢上使用电生理记录的技术难度。为了克服这些障碍,我们在成年果蝇中开创了一种模型突触系统,用于分析年龄对神经传递过程中突触前功能的影响,CM9 NMJ位于飞翔的长鼻(Rawson等) ,2012; Mahoney等人,2014; Mahoney等人,2016)(图4A)。简而言之,CM9运动神经元(MN)的突触前心轴收敛于CM9肌肉的15个肌肉纤维,以形成35个独立的神经支配(Rawson等人,2012)。已显示CM9 MN对于CM9肌肉的收缩是必需的,并且是CM9肌肉的谷氨酸能输入的唯一来源(Kimura等人,1986; ...

Trehalase Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana Optimized for 96-well Plates
Author:
Date:
2013-10-20
[Abstract]  Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide. It is a common sugar in bacteria, fungi and yeast, where it functions as a carbon source and stress protectant. In contrast, plants, although encoding large trehalose biosynthesis gene families, contain only small amounts of trehalose. The intermediate compound of trehalose, trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), is a signaling molecule in plants, regulating metabolism, growth, and development. Most plants contain only a single trehalase, the enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes trehalose into two glucose molecules. High trehalase activity has been suggested to ... [摘要]  海藻糖是非还原二糖。它是细菌,真菌和酵母中的常见糖,其在其中用作碳源和应激保护剂。相反,植物虽然编码大的海藻糖生物合成基因家族,但仅含有少量的海藻糖。海藻糖,海藻糖-6-磷酸(T6P)的中间体化合物是植物中的信号分子,调节代谢,生长和发育。大多数植物仅含有单一海藻糖酶,该酶特异性地将海藻糖水解成两个葡萄糖分子。已经提出高海藻糖酶活性是植物接种菌根真菌,根瘤菌和植物病原体禾本科植物的防御机制的一部分。最近,在拟南芥中显示高海藻糖酶活性与干旱胁迫耐受性的增加相关,并且海藻糖酶在气孔调节中实现重要作用。在这里,我们描述了测定拟南芥组织中的海藻糖酶活性的方案,优化用于96孔板。透析的蛋白质提取物将与海藻糖一起温育,随后使用葡萄糖氧化酶 - 过氧化物酶定量释放的葡萄糖。

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