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HEPES

1 M HEPES溶液

公司名称: Thermo Fisher Scientific
产品编号: 15630-056
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Evolution of Escherichia coli to Macrophage Cell Line
Author:
Date:
2014-09-05
[Abstract]  The genomes of species of Escherichia coli (E. coli) show an extraordinary amount of diversity, which include commensal strains and strains belonging to different pathovars. Many strains of E. coli, which can cause mild or severe pathologies in humans, have a commensal ancestor. Understanding the evolutionary changes that can lead to a transition from commensal to pathogen is an important task, which requires integration of different methodologies. One method is experimental evolution of bacteria, in controlled environments, that mimic some of the selective ... [摘要]  大肠杆菌物种的基因组(大肠杆菌)显示出非凡的多样性,其包括共生菌株和属于不同病原体的菌株。许多菌株。大肠杆菌,其可引起人类的轻度或严重病理,具有共生祖先。了解可导致从共生转变为病原体的进化变化是一项重要任务,需要整合不同的方法。一种方法是在受控环境中的细菌的实验进化,其模拟一些选择性压力,在向发病过渡期间可能是重要的。这种转变的成功将至少部分地取决于E的能力。大肠杆菌以适应免疫系统细胞的存在。在这里,我们描述了用于进行共生应变的实验进化的方案。大肠杆菌,在充分研究的K12的衍生物,在先天免疫系统的细胞施加的恒定选择压力下,特别是RAW 264.7鼠巨噬细胞细胞系。

Fitness Measurements of Evolved Esherichia coli
Author:
Date:
2014-09-05
[Abstract]  Bacteria can adapt very rapidly to novel selective pressures. In the transition from commensalism to pathogenicity bacteria have to face and adapt to the host immune system. Specifically, the antagonistic interaction imposed by one of the first line of defense of innate immunity cells, macrophages, on commensal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), can lead to its rapid adaptation. Such adaptation is characterized by the emergence of clones with mutations that allow them to better escape macrophage phagocytosis. Here, we describe how to quantify the amount of fitness ... [摘要]  细菌可以非常迅速地适应新的选择压力。在从共生到致病性的转变中,细菌必须面对并适应宿主免疫系统。具体地,由先天免疫细胞(巨噬细胞)的第一防御线对共生细菌如大肠杆菌(大肠杆菌)(大肠杆菌)施加的拮抗相互作用可以导致其快速适应。这种适应的特征在于具有允许它们更好地逃脱巨噬细胞吞噬的突变的克隆的出现。在这里,我们描述如何量化在巨噬细胞的恒定选择压力下,从鼠细胞系RAW 264.7进化的细菌克隆的适应增加的量。用于测量沿进化实验室实验的适应度变化的最广泛使用的测定法是竞争性健身测定法。该测定法包括确定进化的菌株在竞争中胜过祖先的速度,其中每个以相同的频率开始。菌株在进化实验的相同环境中竞争,并且如果进化菌株已经获得强的有益突变,其将在重复的竞争性健康测定中变得显着过表达。

Phagolysosomal Trafficking Assay
Author:
Date:
2014-07-05
[Abstract]  Phagolysosomal trafficking is an important innate defense pathway that clears microbes by delivering them to lysosomes, the degradative compartment of the cell. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, subverts this host defense mechanism by arresting maturation of the phagosome. The ability of Mtb to arrest its delivery to the lysosome can be demonstrated by the prolonged co-localization of bacteria containing phagosomes/vacuole with early phagosomal markers [such as, Ras- related proteins in the brain 5 (Rab5) and Transferrin receptor (TfR)], and a ... [摘要]  吞噬溶酶体运输是重要的先天防御途径,通过将其递送至溶酶体,即细胞的降解区室来清除微生物。结核病的致病因子结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)通过阻滞吞噬体的成熟来破坏这种宿主防御机制。 Mtb阻止其递送至溶酶体的能力可以通过含有吞噬体/液泡的细菌与早期吞噬体标记物[例如,脑5中的Ras相关蛋白(Rab5)和转铁蛋白受体(TfR) )],以及未获得晚期吞噬体和溶酶体标记物(例如Rab7和LAMP1)(Deretic和Fratti,1999,Mehra等人,2013)。在这里,概述了用分枝杆菌物种感染巨噬细胞的方案,所述分枝杆菌物种如致病性Mtb疫苗菌株牛分枝杆菌 - 卡介苗(BCG)和快速分裂的非致病性耻垢分枝杆菌(Msmeg),然后间接免疫荧光显微镜观察宿主液泡标记。此后,通过使用数学工具处理细菌的二值图像来进行分枝杆菌和宿主液泡标记如TfR和LAMP1之间的共定位程度的自动定量。这导致直接在细菌/细菌簇周围的这些宿主标志物的平均荧光强度(MFI)的定量,相对于手动完成时具有增加的灵敏度。通过操纵宿主或病原体,该测定可用于评价细胞内运输的宿主或细菌决定簇。基本方法可以应用于研究其他细菌或颗粒状珠子的运输,尽管感染和吞噬体成熟的动力学将取决于吞噬性货物。数学分析工具可用于许多标准成像分析程序。然而,对于类似分析的任何适应性应由个体用户利用其成像和分析平台来确认。

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