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Sodium Pyruvate (100 mM)

丙酮酸钠(100mM)

公司名称: Thermo Fisher Scientific
产品编号: 11360-039
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Murine Liver Myeloid Cell Isolation Protocol
Author:
Date:
2015-05-20
[Abstract]  In homeostasis, the liver is critical for the metabolism of nutrients including sugars, lipids, proteins and iron, for the clearance of toxins, and to induce immune tolerance to gut-derived antigens. These functions predispose the liver to infection by blood-borne pathogens, and to a variety of diseases ranging from toxin and medication-induced disorders (CCl4, acetaminophen) to metabolic disorders (steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, biliary obstruction, cholestasis) or autoimmunity. Chronic liver injury often progresses to life threatening fibrosis and can end in liver ... [摘要]  在内环境稳定中,肝脏对于营养物质(包括糖,脂质,蛋白质和铁)的代谢是关键的,用于清除毒素,并诱导对肠衍生的抗原的免疫耐受。这些功能使肝脏感染由血源性病原体引起的感染,并且导致各种疾病,从毒素和药物诱导的疾病(CC​​l 4,对乙酰氨基酚)到代谢性疾病(脂肪性肝炎,酒精性肝病,胆汁阻塞,胆汁淤积)或自身免疫。慢性肝损伤常常进展为威胁生命的纤维化,并且可以在肝硬化和肝细胞癌中结束(Pellicoro等人,2014)。
肝脏含有构成肝细胞大部分的实质细胞或肝细胞。它还含有非实质结构细胞,例如窦状内皮细胞和大量非实质的先天免疫细胞,主要是单核细胞,嗜中性粒细胞,巨噬细胞,DC,NK和NKT细胞,其在感染的情况下可触发适应性免疫应答或其他致病性侮辱(Jenne和Kubes,2013)。如何调节这种免疫应答决定了急性和慢性肝损伤的程度(Stijlemans等人,2014)。在这种情况下,肝巨噬细胞已经被证明在肝损伤中发挥中心但发散(从启动到分解)功能。(Sica等人,2014)。在过去几年中已经变得清楚的是,肝巨噬细胞由两类,组织驻留巨噬细胞,源自卵黄囊/胎儿肝祖细胞的库普弗细胞(KC)和来源于骨髓衍生的Ly6C的组织浸润巨噬细胞Hi 单核细胞(Jinhoux和Jung,2014; ...

Evolution of Escherichia coli to Macrophage Cell Line
Author:
Date:
2014-09-05
[Abstract]  The genomes of species of Escherichia coli (E. coli) show an extraordinary amount of diversity, which include commensal strains and strains belonging to different pathovars. Many strains of E. coli, which can cause mild or severe pathologies in humans, have a commensal ancestor. Understanding the evolutionary changes that can lead to a transition from commensal to pathogen is an important task, which requires integration of different methodologies. One method is experimental evolution of bacteria, in controlled environments, that mimic some of the selective ... [摘要]  大肠杆菌物种的基因组(大肠杆菌)显示出非凡的多样性,其包括共生菌株和属于不同病原体的菌株。许多菌株。大肠杆菌,其可引起人类的轻度或严重病理,具有共生祖先。了解可导致从共生转变为病原体的进化变化是一项重要任务,需要整合不同的方法。一种方法是在受控环境中的细菌的实验进化,其模拟一些选择性压力,在向发病过渡期间可能是重要的。这种转变的成功将至少部分地取决于E的能力。大肠杆菌以适应免疫系统细胞的存在。在这里,我们描述了用于进行共生应变的实验进化的方案。大肠杆菌,在充分研究的K12的衍生物,在先天免疫系统的细胞施加的恒定选择压力下,特别是RAW 264.7鼠巨噬细胞细胞系。

Fitness Measurements of Evolved Esherichia coli
Author:
Date:
2014-09-05
[Abstract]  Bacteria can adapt very rapidly to novel selective pressures. In the transition from commensalism to pathogenicity bacteria have to face and adapt to the host immune system. Specifically, the antagonistic interaction imposed by one of the first line of defense of innate immunity cells, macrophages, on commensal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), can lead to its rapid adaptation. Such adaptation is characterized by the emergence of clones with mutations that allow them to better escape macrophage phagocytosis. Here, we describe how to quantify the amount of fitness ... [摘要]  细菌可以非常迅速地适应新的选择压力。在从共生到致病性的转变中,细菌必须面对并适应宿主免疫系统。具体地,由先天免疫细胞(巨噬细胞)的第一防御线对共生细菌如大肠杆菌(大肠杆菌)(大肠杆菌)施加的拮抗相互作用可以导致其快速适应。这种适应的特征在于具有允许它们更好地逃脱巨噬细胞吞噬的突变的克隆的出现。在这里,我们描述如何量化在巨噬细胞的恒定选择压力下,从鼠细胞系RAW 264.7进化的细菌克隆的适应增加的量。用于测量沿进化实验室实验的适应度变化的最广泛使用的测定法是竞争性健身测定法。该测定法包括确定进化的菌株在竞争中胜过祖先的速度,其中每个以相同的频率开始。菌株在进化实验的相同环境中竞争,并且如果进化菌株已经获得强的有益突变,其将在重复的竞争性健康测定中变得显着过表达。

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