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Sodium acetate trihydrate

1M的乙酸钠三水合物

公司名称: Sigma-Aldrich
产品编号: S8625
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Preparation of Purified Gram-positive Bacterial Cell Wall and Detection in Placenta and Fetal Tissues
Author:
Date:
2016-12-05
[Abstract]  Cell wall is a complex biopolymer on the surface of all Gram-positive bacteria. During infection, cell wall is recognized by the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 causing intense inflammation and tissue damage. In animal models, cell wall traffics from the blood stream to many organs in the body, including brain, heart, placenta and fetus. This protocol describes how to prepare purified cell wall from Streptococcus pneumoniae, detect its distribution in animal tissues, and study the tissue response using the placenta and fetal brain as examples. [摘要]  细胞壁是所有革兰氏阳性菌表面上的复杂生物聚合物。在感染期间,细胞壁被先天免疫受体Toll样受体2识别,引起强烈的炎症和组织损伤。在动物模型中,从血流到体内许多器官(包括脑,心脏,胎盘和胎儿)的细胞壁运输。该协议描述了如何从肺炎链球菌制备纯化的细胞壁,检测其在动物组织中的分布,并且使用胎盘和胎脑作为实例研究组织反应。
关键词: 细胞壁,肽聚糖,细菌炎症,神经增殖,胎儿神经发生,胎盘运输,Toll样受体2配体,肺炎链球菌

/strong>宿主对感染的反应涉及许多细菌组分的识别,包括细胞壁(CW),一种形成所有革兰氏阳性细菌表面的复合大分子。革兰氏阳性细菌的CW由肽聚糖和磷壁酸的共价网络形成。肺炎链球菌是肺炎,败血症和脑膜炎的主要原因,已经成为研究对包括CW在内的革兰氏阳性细菌感染的先天免疫反应的重要模式生物体。  当肺炎链球菌(肺炎球菌)感染时,CW成分在生长期或抗生素诱导的死亡期间从细菌释放,它在血流中循环并穿过细胞屏障,包括胎盘和血脑屏障。 CW组分具有等于或大于完整细菌的炎性活性(Tuomanen等人,1985a和1985b)。 ...

Saccharification Protocol for Small-scale Lignocellulosic Biomass Samples to Test Processing of Cellulose into Glucose
Author:
Date:
2016-01-05
[Abstract]  Second generation biofuels are derived from inedible lignocellulosic biomass of food and non-food crops. Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of cell walls that contain a large proportion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. An interesting route to generate biofuels and bio-based materials is via enzymatic hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides into fermentable sugars, a process called saccharification. The released sugars can then be fermented to fuels, e.g., by use of yeast.

To test the saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass on a ...
[摘要]  第二代生物燃料衍生自食物和非食物作物的不可食用的木质纤维素生物质。木质纤维素生物质主要由含有大比例的纤维素和半纤维素多糖的细胞壁组成。生成生物燃料和生物基材料的有趣途径是通过将细胞壁多糖酶水解成可发酵的糖,这一过程称为糖化。释放的糖然后可以例如通过使用酵母发酵成燃料。
为了在实验室规模上测试木质纤维素生物质的糖化效率,建立了仅使用少量生物质和低浓度酶的手动糖化方案。该方案可以用于不同的植物物种,例如拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana),烟草,玉米和杨树。低的酶浓度使得可以检测糖化产量的微妙改进并分析水解的速度。虽然包括特定的酸和碱预处理,但是糖化步骤可以在任何其它预处理之后。由于不需要先进的设备,该方案可以在许多实验室进行以分析糖化产量。该方案最初在Van Acker等人(2013)中描述。

Acetyl-coenzyme A Synthetase (Acs) Assay
Author:
Date:
2012-09-05
[Abstract]  Acetyl-coenzyme A synthethase (Acs, E.C.6.2.1.1) is an acetate activating enzyme widely represented in nature from bacteria to human. Its function is important for cellular catabolism, especially in order to support microbial growth at low concentrations of acetate (<10 mm)="" (castano="" cerezo="">et al., 2011; Castano Cerezo et al., 2009;Renilla et al., 2012). In this protocol, a continuous coupled enzymatic assay for Acs activity is described. Product formation is followed spectrophotometrically by the formation of NADH. The protocol is tailored for E. coli ... [摘要]  乙酰辅酶A合成酶(Acs,E.C.6.2.1.1)是从细菌到人广泛代表的乙酸活化酶。其功能对于细胞分解代谢是重要的,特别是为了支持在低浓度的乙酸盐(<10mm)下的微生物生长(castano cerezo等人,2011;="" castano="" cerezo等人,="" ,2009;="">
首先由Brown等人描述了乙酰辅酶A合成酶(Acs)测定法 。 (1977)。使用与苹果酸脱氢酶(Mdh)和柠檬酸合酶(Cs)偶联的酶促方法测量Acs活性:乙酸+ AcASH + ATP→乙酰-CoA + AMP(Cs)乙酰 - CoA +草酰乙酸盐→柠檬酸盐+ Co Wash
(Mdh)L-苹果酸盐+ NAD +→草酰乙酸盐+ NADH
净反应:乙酸盐+ ATP + L-苹果酸盐+ NAD +→柠檬酸盐+ AMP + NADH />在测定条件下,Mdh和Cs活性过量,NADH形成速率受Acs活性限制。

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