| Determination of H+-ATPase Activity in Arabidopsis Guard Cell Protoplasts through H+-pumping Measurement and H+-ATPase Quantification
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Author:
Date:
2017-12-20
[Abstract] The opening of stomata in plants in response to blue light is driven by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells. To evaluate the activation of the H+-ATPase in vivo, we can use H+-pumping by guard cells in response to blue light and fusicoccin. To do this, it is required to prepare a large amount of guard cell protoplasts and measure H+-pumping in the protoplasts. It is also necessary to determine the protein amount of H+-ATPase. In this protocol, we describe the procedures required for these preparations and measurements.
[摘要] 响应蓝光的植物气孔的开放是由保卫细胞中的质膜H + -ATPase驱动的。 为了评价体内H + -ATP酶的激活，我们可以使用H + +保卫细胞对蓝光的响应，fusicoccin。 为此，需要制备大量的保卫细胞原生质体，并测量原生质体中的H + - 抽吸。 还需要确定H + -ATP酶的蛋白质量。 在这个协议中，我们描述了这些准备和测量所需的程序。
【背景】响应于蓝光的气孔的开放是由穿过保卫细胞质膜上的H +介导的膜超极化驱动的（Assmann等，1985; Shimazaki等人，1986），并且是由质膜H + -ATP酶引起的（Kinoshita和Shimazaki，1999）。 H + -ATP酶在膜上产生电化学梯度，并提供植物细胞中许多次级运输所需的能量。然而，测量体内H + -ATP酶活性并不容易。利用保卫细胞的蓝光敏感特性，我们的方法可以将体内H +泵送作为体内测量H + + 使用拟南芥保卫细胞原生质体的ATP酶活性（Ueno等人，2005）。与通过蛋白质印迹（Yamauchi等人，2016）的Hβ+ -ATPase定量一起，该方法允许比较Hβ+ -ATPase活性不同的条件或突变背景。
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| Measurement of PI4P Levels in Intact Chloroplasts Isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana
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Author:
Date:
2016-02-05
[Abstract] Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), a major species of phosphoinositides, modulates many fundamental cellular processes. We have recently revealed that PI4P plays an important role in chloroplast division as a negative regulator. Despite its importance in chloroplasts, the content of PI4P in chloroplasts is very low and it is difficult to measure PI4P levels. In this protocol, we describe a simple method that we have developed for measurement of low level of PI4P in chloroplasts. Intact chloroplasts were isolated by a basic method using Percoll gradient centrifugation and acidic lipids ...
[摘要] 磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸（PI4P）是磷酸肌醇的主要种类，调节许多基本的细胞过程。 我们最近揭示PI4P在叶绿体分裂作为负调节器中发挥重要作用。 尽管其在叶绿体中的重要性，PI4P在叶绿体中的含量非常低，并且难以测量PI4P水平。 在这个协议，我们描述了一个简单的方法，我们已经开发测量叶绿体中的低水平的PI4P。 通过使用Percoll梯度离心的碱性方法分离完整的叶绿体，并从分离的叶绿体中提取酸性脂质。 将包括PI4P的提取的酸性脂质点样在膜条上，其已经用PI4P标准品和其它磷酸肌醇作为阴性对照预先点样。 使用PI4P结合蛋白检测膜上酸性脂质斑点中的PI4P。
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| Purification and Fluorescent Labeling of Exosomes
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Author:
Date:
2014-04-20
[Abstract] Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted into the extracellular environment from a variety of different cells, and are thought to play important roles in intercellular communications. Here, we provide a useful protocol to purify the exosomes released from cell lines using sucrose gradient centrifugation. In this protocol, we also applied a red-fluorescent lipophilic dye, DiI, which is incorporated in the outer membrane of exosomes. This fluorescently labeled exosomes allow us to visualize individual exosomes by a confocal laser scanning microscope.
[摘要] 外来体是从各种不同细胞分泌到细胞外环境中的内吞起源的小膜囊泡，并且被认为在细胞间通讯中起重要作用。 在这里，我们提供了一个有用的协议，以纯化使用蔗糖梯度离心从细胞系释放的外来体。 在这个协议，我们还应用红色荧光亲脂染料DiI，其被并入外来体的外膜。 这种荧光标记的外来体允许我们通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜可视化单个外来体
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