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Sodium fluoride

氟化钠

公司名称: Sigma-Aldrich
产品编号: 71519
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Snapshots of the Signaling Complex DesK:DesR in Different Functional States Using Rational Mutagenesis and X-ray Crystallography
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Date:
2017-08-20
[Abstract]  We have developed protocols to generate site-specific variants of the histidine-kinase DesK and its cognate response regulator DesR, conducive to trapping different signaling states of the proteins. Co-expression of both partners in E. coli, ensuring an excess of the regulator, was essential for soluble production of the DesK:DesR complexes and further purification. The 3D structures of the complex trapped in the phosphotransferase and in the phosphatase reaction steps, were solved by X-ray crystallography using molecular replacement. The solution was not trivial, and we found that in ... [摘要]  我们已经开发了产生组氨酸激酶DesK及其同源反应调节物DesR的位点特异性变体的方案,有助于捕获蛋白质的不同信号状态。两个合作伙伴在大肠杆菌中的共表达,确保调节剂过量,对于DesK:DesR复合物的可溶性生产和进一步纯化是至关重要的。通过使用分子置换的X射线晶体学解决了捕获在磷酸转移酶和磷酸酶反应步骤中的复合物的3D结构。该解决方案不是微不足道的,我们发现在用作搜索探针的硅片生成的模型中,有助于将大部分复合物放置在不对称单元中。电子密度图就足够清楚了,可以进行人工建模,获得完整的原子模型。这些方法有助于解决细菌信号领域的主要挑战,即获得稳定的激酶:调节复合物,具有不同的构象状态,适用于高分辨率晶体学研究。
【背景】关于细菌信号复合物,特别是双组分系统(TCS)的结构信息仍然很少(Casino et al。,2009; Gao and Stock,2009)。 TCS包含几乎所有细菌中的感觉组氨酸激酶(HK)和响应调节剂(RR)配偶体,它们允许细胞感知环境并通过适应性反应相应地反应。尽管在信号传输中这种切换机制的重要性(Trajtenberg等,2016),结构信息对于采用不同功能状态的TCS复合体甚至更为有限。我们研究了DesK-DesR途径(de Mendoza,2014),一种来自枯草芽孢杆菌的TCS,其参与调节细胞膜组成以适应降低双层流动性的线索,如冷休克。 ...

Protein Extraction from Drosophila Embryos and Ovaries
Author:
Date:
2015-05-05
[Abstract]  Here we provide the description of protocols to efficiently obtain protein extracts from embryos and ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster. These protocols are routinely applied in our laboratory and are based on two techniques: either embryos or ovaries are homogenized using a pestle and then the soluble proteins separated by centrifugation, or embryos are individually lysed by needle manipulation. The latter technique allows the use of small embryo numbers and the selection of specific developmental stages (Guilgur et al., 2014). [摘要]  FLP / FRT系统是基于将重组酶(翻转酶-FLP)靶向指定为翻转酶识别靶标(FRT)位点的特定DNA区域的定点重组技术。最初在酿酒酵母中鉴定,酵母FLP酶及其FRT重组靶点成功转移到果蝇中的每个主要染色体臂(Golic和Lindquist,1989)。这提供了以受控方式在发育过程中在体内介导有丝分裂重组的能力[在Theodosiou和Xu(1998)中修订]。有丝分裂重组事件的受控诱导通常通过在热休克(hs)启动子的控制下表达FLP来进行。这允许在特定发育时间窗口表达高FLP水平。携带这些遗传标记的FLP / FRT染色体的菌株大大增强了我们在种系和体细胞果蝇组织中研究基因功能的能力。在这里我们描述两种不同的方案:一种用于诱导和鉴定卵巢中的纯合突变体克隆,另一种用于产生雌性种系突变体,用于分析母体对胚胎发生的影响。

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