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Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) disodium salt hydrate

腺苷5''-三磷酸(ATP)二钠盐水合物

公司名称: Sigma-Aldrich
产品编号: A1852
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A Method for SUMO Modification of Proteins in vitro
Author:
Date:
2018-10-05
[Abstract]  The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) is a protein that is post-translationally added to and reversibly removed from other proteins in eukaryotic cells. SUMO and enzymes of the SUMO pathway are well conserved from yeast to humans and SUMO modification regulates a variety of essential cellular processes including transcription, chromatin remodeling, DNA damage repair, and cell cycle progression. One of the challenges in studying SUMO modification in vivo is the relatively low steady-state level of a SUMO-modified protein due in part to the activity of SUMO deconjugating enzymes ... [摘要]  小泛素相关修饰物(SUMO)是一种蛋白质,其翻译后添加到真核细胞中并可逆地从其他蛋白质中去除。 SUMO和SUMO途径的酶从酵母到人类都很保守,SUMO修饰调节了多种基本细胞过程,包括转录,染色质重塑,DNA损伤修复和细胞周期进程。 研究SUMO修饰体内的挑战之一是SUMO修饰蛋白的相对低的稳态水平,部分原因是SUMO去缀合酶(SUMO Isopeptidases或SENPs)的活性。 幸运的是,使用重组SUMO酶可以在体外研究SUMO修饰。 在这里,我们描述了一种灵敏的方法,用于检测目标人类蛋白质的SUMO修饰,使用来自兔网织红细胞和放射性标记的氨基酸的体外转录和翻译系统。
【背景】与其他泛素蛋白家族修饰一样,SUMO修饰通过ATP依赖性酶促级联发生,涉及E1激活酶(人类中的Aos1 / Uba2异二聚体),E2结合酶(Ubc9)和许多E3连接之一的连续活性。酶(Gareau和Lima,2010)。具有SUMO缀合共有位点的蛋白质ΨKxE(Ψ是疏水残基,其后是赖氨酸,任何氨基酸和谷氨酸),可以通过哺乳动物中表达的一种或几种SUMO旁系同源物(包括SUMO1,SUMO2)进行有效修饰。或SUMO3(统称为SUMO2 / 3,因为它们的序列同源性为97%)(Gareau和Lima,2010; Flotho和Melchior,2013)。 ...

Snapshots of the Signaling Complex DesK:DesR in Different Functional States Using Rational Mutagenesis and X-ray Crystallography
Author:
Date:
2017-08-20
[Abstract]  We have developed protocols to generate site-specific variants of the histidine-kinase DesK and its cognate response regulator DesR, conducive to trapping different signaling states of the proteins. Co-expression of both partners in E. coli, ensuring an excess of the regulator, was essential for soluble production of the DesK:DesR complexes and further purification. The 3D structures of the complex trapped in the phosphotransferase and in the phosphatase reaction steps, were solved by X-ray crystallography using molecular replacement. The solution was not trivial, and we found that in ... [摘要]  我们已经开发了产生组氨酸激酶DesK及其同源反应调节物DesR的位点特异性变体的方案,有助于捕获蛋白质的不同信号状态。两个合作伙伴在大肠杆菌中的共表达,确保调节剂过量,对于DesK:DesR复合物的可溶性生产和进一步纯化是至关重要的。通过使用分子置换的X射线晶体学解决了捕获在磷酸转移酶和磷酸酶反应步骤中的复合物的3D结构。该解决方案不是微不足道的,我们发现在用作搜索探针的硅片生成的模型中,有助于将大部分复合物放置在不对称单元中。电子密度图就足够清楚了,可以进行人工建模,获得完整的原子模型。这些方法有助于解决细菌信号领域的主要挑战,即获得稳定的激酶:调节复合物,具有不同的构象状态,适用于高分辨率晶体学研究。
【背景】关于细菌信号复合物,特别是双组分系统(TCS)的结构信息仍然很少(Casino et al。,2009; Gao and Stock,2009)。 TCS包含几乎所有细菌中的感觉组氨酸激酶(HK)和响应调节剂(RR)配偶体,它们允许细胞感知环境并通过适应性反应相应地反应。尽管在信号传输中这种切换机制的重要性(Trajtenberg等,2016),结构信息对于采用不同功能状态的TCS复合体甚至更为有限。我们研究了DesK-DesR途径(de Mendoza,2014),一种来自枯草芽孢杆菌的TCS,其参与调节细胞膜组成以适应降低双层流动性的线索,如冷休克。 ...

In Gel Kinase Assay
Author:
Date:
2017-03-05
[Abstract]  Proper spatiotemporal regulation of protein phosphorylation in cells and tissues is required for normal development and homeostasis. We present the protocol ‘In Gel Kinase Assay’, which is useful for protein kinase activity measurements from crude protein extracts. We have successfully used ‘In Gel Kinase Assay’ protocol to show that the Arabidopsis thaliana sextuple mutant in the PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1/PYR1-LIKE/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS (PYR/PYL/RCAR-ABA receptors; line pyr/pyl112458) is impaired in ABA-mediated activation of SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3 and OST1/SnRK2.6, ... [摘要]  正常发育和体内平衡需要细胞和组织中蛋白质磷酸化的适时时空调节。我们提出方案“凝胶激酶测定”,其可用于粗蛋白质提取物的蛋白激酶活性测量。我们已经成功地使用“凝胶激酶测定”方案来证明在ABA受体(PYR / PYL / RCAR-ABA受体)的PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 / PYR1-样/调节组分中的拟南芥线条pyr / pyl112458 )在ABA介导的SnRK2.2,SnRK2.3和OST1 / SnRK2.6的活化中受损,多达三重突变体snrk2.2 / 2.3 / 2.6 (Gonzalez-Guzman等人,2012)。

背景 植物激素脱落酸(ABA)是涉及植物生长发育以及植物对非生物和生物胁迫的反应的关键信号。 ABA感知和信号通路由ABA受体(PYR / PYL / RCAR-ABA受体)的PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 / PYR1-调节组分,PP2C磷酸酶和SnRK2s激酶组成(在Antoni等人, ,,2011)。模块受体-ABA-磷酸酶通过调节ABA激活的SnRK2而以配体依赖的方式控制磷酸化信号级联。反过来,SnRK2s激酶使细胞核和细胞质中的无数效应物从转录因子(例如,ABFs)到离子通道(例如)磷酸化, ...

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