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| Imaging Microtubules in vitro at High Resolution while Preserving their Structure | 保留微管结构同时在体外对其进行高分辨率成像 | [Abstract] Microtubules (MT) are the most rigid component of the cytoskeleton. Nevertheless, they often appear highly curved in the cellular context and the mechanisms governing their overall shape are poorly understood. Currently, in vitro microtubule analysis relies primarily on electron microscopy for its high resolution and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy for its ability to image live fluorescently-labelled microtubules and associated proteins. For three-dimensional analyses of microtubules with micrometer curvatures, we have developed an assay in which MTs are polymerized ...[摘要] [摘要]微管(MT)是细胞骨架中最刚性的组成部分。然而,它们在细胞环境中经常显得高度弯曲,并且控制它们整体形状的机理了解甚少。当前,体外微管分析主要依靠电子显微镜进行高分辨率分析,而全内反射荧光(TIRF )显微镜则可以对活的荧光标记的微管和相关蛋白进行成像。为了对具有微米曲率的微管进行三维分析,我们开发了一种在体外聚合MT的检测方法 用类似于常规TIRF显微镜操作规程的方式将MT种子的MT粘附到载玻片上。除去游离的荧光分子,并通过灌注固定MTs。然后可以使用带有Airyscan模块的共聚焦显微镜观察MT,以获得更高的分辨率。该协议允许对保留其原始三维形状并与高分辨率免疫荧光检测兼容的微管进行成像。 [背景]微管(MT)是通过异源二聚体的组合制成的聚合物α和β微管蛋白,并且是细胞骨架的主要成分。他们参与了细胞功能的基本机制,如有丝分裂,细胞内转运,胞质分裂和细胞形态的维持(Akhmanova和Steinmetz,2015)。尽管MT本身具有很高的刚性,但它们通常会在细胞中弯曲并产生一些蛋白,从而弯曲微管(Brangwynne等人,2006; Bechstedt等人,2014; Leung等人,2020; Cuveillier等人,2020 ... | |
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| A Spectrofluorophotometrical Method Based on Fura-2-AM Probe to Determine Cytosolic Ca2+ Level in Pseudomonas syringae Complex Bacterial Cells | 基于Fura-2-AM探针的荧光光度法测定丁香假单胞菌复合菌胞内Ca2+水平 | [Abstract] Calcium signaling is an emerging mechanism by which bacteria respond to environmental cues. To measure the intracellular free-calcium concentration in bacterial cells, [Ca2+]i, a simple spectrofluorometric method based on the chemical probe Fura 2-acetoxy methyl ester (Fura 2-AM) is here presented using Pseudomonad bacterial cells. This is an alternative and quantitative method that can be completed in a short period of time with low costs, and it does not require the induction of heterologously expressed protein-based probes like Aequorin. Furthermore, it is possible to verify the properties ...[摘要] [摘要]钙信号传导是细菌对环境线索作出反应的一种新兴机制。为了测量细菌细胞中细胞内游离钙的浓度,在此使用假单胞菌细菌细胞,提出一种基于化学探针Fura 2-乙酰氧基甲基酯(Fura 2-AM)的简单分光荧光法[Ca 2+ ] i 。这是一种可替代的定量方法,可在短时间内以低成本完成,并且不需要诱导异源表达的基于蛋白质的探针(如水母发光蛋白)。此外,有可能验证参与Ca 2+从细胞外基质进入的膜通道的特性。该方法对于在像原核生物一样的小细胞中测量[Ca 2+ ] i在0.1-39.8 µM范围内特别有价值。
[背景] Ca 2+是一种新兴的细菌细胞内信使,会影响多种细胞过程,例如维持细胞完整性,细胞分裂(Dominguez等人,2015),运动性(Tisa和Alder,1995;Gode-Potratz等人,2010;Cruz等人,2012;Guragain等人,2013; Parker等人,2015;Fishman等人,2018 ),III型分泌物(DeBord等人,2003;Dasgupta等人,2003)。 ,2006; Gode-Potratz等,2010; Fi shman等,2018),基因表达(Dominguez等,2015),群体感应(Werthén和Lundgren,2001),生物膜形成(Patrauchan等,, 2001)。 2005年; ... | |
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| Carboxyfluorescein Dye Uptake to Measure Connexin-mediated Hemichannel Activity in Cultured Cells | 用羧荧光素染料上染率测定培养细胞中连接蛋白介导的半通道活性 | [Abstract] Connexins are membrane bound proteins that facilitate direct and local paracrine mediated cell-to-cell communication through their ability to oligomerise into hexameric hemichannels. When neighbouring channels align, they form gap-junctions that provide a direct route for information transfer between cells. In contrast to intact gap junctions, which typically open under physiological conditions, undocked hemichannels have a low open probability and mainly open in response to injury. Hemichannels permit the release of small molecules and ions (approximately 1kDa) into the local ...[摘要] [摘要]连接蛋白是有助于直接和局部旁分泌通过自己的能力介导的细胞-细胞通信膜结合蛋白寡聚成六聚半通道。当相邻通道对齐时,它们形成间隙连接,为单元之间的信息传输提供直接路径。与通常在生理条件下打开的完整的间隙连接相反,未对接的半通道的打开概率较低,主要是在受伤时打开。半通道允许小分子和离子(约1kDa)释放到局部细胞间环境中,并且过度表达/活性 与许多疾病状况有关。羧基荧光素染料的摄取量度了半通道的功能性表达,其中增加的半通道活性/功能反映了增加的负荷。该技术依赖于通过开放性半通道对不可渗透膜的荧光示踪剂的吸收,可用于比较在不同条件下(例如对照与疾病)培养的细胞单层之间的通道活性。其他技术(例如生物素化和电生理学)可以分别测量细胞表面表达和半通道开放可能性,但是,羧基荧光素的摄取提供了一种简单,快速且经济高效的方法来测定多种细胞类型的体外半通道活性。
图形摘要:
使用染料吸收量度半通道活性
[背景]连接蛋白(CX )是一体的跨膜蛋白,其寡聚到连接子在细胞表面。连接子与相似的六聚体蛋白复合物停靠在相邻细胞上,形成用于间隙连接细胞间通讯的双向导管(GJIC;Bosco等人,2011 ... | |